Njengohlobo lwama-noodle, ama-noodle amasha namanzi anezici zombala omusha nothambile, ukunambitheka okubushelelezi, ukuthamba, ukunambitheka okuqinile, ukudla okunomsoco kanye nempilo, kanye nokudla okulula nokuhlanzekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-noodle omisiwe, ama-noodle amasha namanzi anezinzuzo zokuba masha, ukunambitheka okuhle, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi [1]. Ayethandwa ngabantu ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi izinhlobo zawo ziyanda. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokugcinwa kokunambitheka kanye nokunambitheka kwama-noodle avamile amanzi ngokuvamile sifushane kakhulu. Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha namanzi ngaphandle kokuthinta isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi kuseyinselele.
Umphumela Wobuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Ekugugeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Amasha
Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokucubungula ama-noodle amasha amanzi ngokuvamile buhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nezisizayo, ukuxuba inhlama, ukuhlanganisa i-calendar, ukuvuselelwa kwezinga lokushisa nomswakama okuqhubekayo (ukuvuthwa), ukuhlanganisa i-calendar okuqhubekayo, ukusika imicu, ukomisa ngomoya, ukubulala amagciwane (njengokubulala amagciwane nge-ultraviolet), ukupakisha [2] nezinye izinqubo.
1、 Umphumela Wendlela Yokuxuba Ama-noodle Ekugugeni Kwama-noodle Amasha Namanzi
Ukuxuba ama-noodle kuyiphuzu elibalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kwama-noodle amasha amanzi, futhi izici ezifana nendlela, isikhathi kanye nesivinini sokuxuba inhlama zinquma izinga lokusabalala kwenhlama [3]. Ikhwalithi yenqubo yokuxuba inhlama ithinta ngqo ikhwalithi yenqubo elandelayo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina [2]. Imishini eyinhloko umshini wokuxuba inhlama.
I-vacuum fraw mixer iyithuluzi lokuxuba ufulawa elithuthuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi ye-vacuum igcinwa ku-flour mixer, ukufudumala kofulawa kuyagwenywa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi anosawoti afafazwa ngendlela yenkungu ngaphansi kwengcindezi engemihle, kanti amanzi anosawoti nofulawa kuxutshwe ngokuphelele nangokulinganayo. Iphrotheni kufulawa ingamunca amanzi ngokugcwele ngesikhathi esifushane. Inani lamanzi engeziwe lingafika ku-46% noma ngaphezulu, kwakha inethiwekhi ye-gluten engcono kakhulu, okwenza ama-noodle abe nokunwebeka kakhulu [2].
ULi Man nabanye [4] benze izivivinyo ezithile ngokuxuba i-vacuum, ikakhulukazi befunda imiphumela ye-vacuum kanye nobuso ezimpahleni zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, isakhiwo esincane kanye nesimo somswakama sama-noodle amasha amanzi. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ngokwanda kwe-vacuum, izici zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amasha amanzi zathuthukiswa kakhulu (P>0.05), kodwa lapho i-vacuum ingu-0.08 MPa, izici zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amasha amanzi zazimbi. Lapho i-vacuum ingu-0.06 MPa, ama-noodle amasha amanzi abonise izici zokuthungwa ezinhle kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela ye-scanning electron microscopy ibonise ukuthi i-vacuum kanye ne-noodle kwabangela isakhiwo esiqhubekayo nesincane sama-noodle amasha amanzi. Ngokusobala, ucwaningo lwabo lubonisa ukuthi ukuxuba i-vacuum kuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bama-noodle amasha amanzi ngezinga elithile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukunwebeka nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha amanzi.
Umphumela Wezindlela Ezihlukene Zokwenza Ama-noodle Amanzi Ahlanzeke Kakhulu
1、 Umphumela Wezithasiselo Zokudla Ekuhlafuneni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Amasha
Njengamanje, izithasiselo zokudla zisetshenziswe kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla, ngezinhlobo eziningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-23 zezithasiselo zokudla eShayina, futhi izinhlobo sezifinyelele ezingaphezu kuka-2000, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kukhule unyaka nonyaka [6]. Izithasiselo ezihilelekile ekucubungulweni kwama-noodle zifaka phakathi izithuthukisi ze-gluten kanye nokulungiselela ama-enzyme (njenge-α-Amylase), njll.
（1） Umphumela We-Agent Eqinisayo Ekuhlafunweni Kwama-Noodle Amasha Amanzi
Amandla enhlama emanzi entsha athinta ngqo ukuhlafuna kwayo ngezinga elithile. Isithuthukisi se-gluten uhlobo lwesithako sokudla esingaxhunyaniswa neprotheni ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokucubungula i-gluten kanye nokugcinwa kwegesi. Ngakho-ke, isithuthukisi se-gluten siwusizo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.
1. Ufulawa we-gluten
I-gluten kakolweni, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-gluten esebenzayo, iwumkhiqizo ophuphu otholakala kukolweni ngokomiswa, ukuchotshozwa kanye nezinye izinqubo ngemva kokuba isitashi nezinye izinto ezincibilika emanzini zigezwa ngamanzi [7]. Izakhi eziyinhloko zempuphu ye-gluten yi-glutenin ne-gliadin, ezinokumuncwa kwamanzi okunamandla, i-viscoelasticity, i-extensibility kanye nezinye izici. Iyisithuthukisi esihle kakhulu senhlama, esisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni isinkwa, ama-noodle kanye neminye imikhiqizo kafulawa.
UNiu Qiaojuan nabanye [8] bathole ukuthi ukwengeza i-gluten engu-0.8% kungathuthukisa kakhulu ubulukhuni kanye nezakhiwo zokuthamba zama-noodle, futhi kunciphise ukulahlekelwa kokupheka kwama-noodle. UWu Yang [9] uqhathanise imiphumela ye-gluten, usawoti kanye ne-xanthan gum ekhwalithini yokupheka kanye nekhwalithi yokuzwa yofulawa kakolweni omanzi omusha ngesisekelo sokunquma isilinganiso se-wheat bran kanye ne-wheat germ kufulawa kakolweni omanzi omusha.
Ucwaningo lokuhlola lukaWu Yang luthole ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-gluten eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-gluten nofulawa kakolweni ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzinza kobuso obumanzi obusha. Uma inani lokwengeza i-gluten lingu-1.5% ~ 2.5%, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinzwa kobuso obumanzi obusha kuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuhlafuna kanye nokuqina.
Ngakho-ke, inani elifanele lempuphu ye-gluten lingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yama-noodle amanzi amasha ngezinga elithile, ukuze ama-noodle amanzi amasha abonise ukuhlafuna okungcono.
2. Isitashi esiguquliwe se-cassava, i-sodium alginate
Isitashi se-cassava esiguquliwe singatholakala ngokuguqulwa, futhi singasetshenziswa njengesithambisi, isiqinisi, i-ejenti yokugcina amanzi, i-ejenti yokwandisa, njll. embonini yokudla.
I-Sodium alginate iyi-polysaccharide ye-anionic ekhishwe ku-kelp noma umsila we-horsetail we-algae ensundu. I-molecule yayo yakhiwe yi-β-D-mannuronic acid (β-Dmannuronic, M) kanye ne-α-L-Guluouronic acid (α-L-guluronic, G) exhunywe ngokucindezela okhiye (1-4) [10]. Isixazululo samanzi se-sodium alginate sinobuthi obukhulu futhi manje sisetshenziswa njengesithambisi, isiqinisi, i-emulsifier, njll. kokudla.
UMao Rujing [11] wathatha ufulawa omusha omanzi njengenhloso yocwaningo, futhi wafunda imiphumela yezinguquko ezintathu zekhwalithi njenge-cassava modified starch, i-sodium alginate kanye ne-gluten ezicini zokuthungwa kofulawa omusha omanzi. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi lapho okuqukethwe kwe-cassava starch eguquliwe kungu-0.5%, i-sodium alginate yayingu-0.4% kanti i-gluten yayingu-4%, ama-noodle amasha amanzi ayenezici zekhwalithi enhle. Ukusebenza okuyinhloko kwakuwukuthi ukumuncwa kwamanzi kwama-noodle amasha amanzi kwehla, kuyilapho ubulukhuni, ukuthamba kanye nokuhlafuna kuthuthukisiwe.
Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi izithuthukisi ze-gluten ezihlanganisiwe (i-tapioca modified starch, i-sodium alginate kanye ne-gluten) zithuthukise ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha amanzi ngezinga elikhulu.
(II) α- Umphumela we-Amylase ekukhuculukeni kwama-noodle amasha amanzi
kufanele kusekelwe ku-α- Izakhiwo ze-amylase, uShi Yanpei nabanye. [12] bafunde imiphumela yamanani ahlukene e-α- Umphumela we-amylase ekhwalithini yama-noodle amanzi amasha. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi: α- Ukwanda kwenani le-amylase elingeziwe, ikakhulukazi lapho i-α- Lapho inani le-amylase elingeziwe lingu-150 mg/L, ubulukhuni, ukuhlafuna kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kwathuthukiswa kakhulu, okwafakazela nokuthi i-α- I-Amylase iwusizo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.
2、 Umphumela we-Chinese Chestnut Powder ekuhlafuneni kwama-Noodles amasha amanzi
I-Chestnut inemisebenzi eminingi yezempilo. Iqukethe ama-fatty acid acebile angagcwalisiwe, angalawula ama-lipid egazini. Kubantu abanesifo somfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nesifo senhliziyo, ukudla okuhle kwe-tonic [13]. Njengokudla okungenzeka esikhundleni sikafulawa kakolweni, ufulawa ophelele we-chestnut waseShayina wakhiwe kakhulu ngama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, anezici ze-glycemic index ephansi, i-gluten engenayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni [14].
Ukwengeza inani elifanele lempuphu ye-chestnut ephelele efomini yama-noodle amasha amanzi ngeke nje kucebise izinhlobo zama-noodle amasha amanzi, kodwa futhi kuthuthukise inani lokudla okunempilo lama-noodle amasha amanzi.
ULi Yong nabanye [15] benze izivivinyo zocwaningo ngethonya lempuphu ye-chestnut ephelele kwikhwalithi yama-noodle amanzi amasha. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ubulukhuni, ukuhlafuna kanye nokunamathela kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kwanda kuqala kwabe sekwehla ngokwanda kokungezwa kwempuphu ye-chestnut iyonke, ikakhulukazi lapho ukungezwa kwempuphu ye-chestnut iyonke kufinyelele ku-20%, izici zayo zokuthungwa zifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLi Yong nabanye [16] benze ucwaningo mayelana nokugayeka kwesitashi sikafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi ngaphakathi kwe-in vitro. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi: okuqukethwe kwesitashi esiphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwesitashi esigayekayo sikafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi ngokungezwa kwefulawa we-chestnut ophelele kwehla kancane kancane ngokwanda kokungezwa kwefulawa we-chestnut ophelele. Ukungezwa kwefulawa we-chestnut ophelele kunganciphisa kakhulu ukugayeka kwesitashi kanye nenkomba kashukela (GI) kafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi. Lapho ukungezwa kwefulawa we-chestnut ophelele kudlula u-20%, Kungashintsha ufulawa kakolweni omanzi omusha kusuka ekudleni okuphezulu kwe-EGI (EGI>75) kuya ekudleni okuphakathi kwe-EGI (55)
Ngokuvamile, inani elifanele lempuphu ye-chestnut ephelele lingathuthukisa ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha futhi linciphise ukugayeka kwesitashi kanye nenkomba kashukela yama-noodle amanzi amasha.
3, Umphumela Wofulawa Ekuhlafunekeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Amasha
（1） Umphumela wobukhulu bezinhlayiya zikafulawa ekuhlafuneni ufulawa omusha omanzi
Ufulawa kakolweni uyinto eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kukafulawa omusha omanzi. Ufulawa kakolweni onekhwalithi ehlukene kanye nobubanzi bezinhlayiya (owaziwa nangokuthi ufulawa) ungatholakala ngokuhlanza, ukunisela, ukumanzisa (ukuthola ukolweni ogayiwe), ukugaya nokuhlola (ukukhuhla, umongo, izinhlelo ze-slag kanye nomsila), ukuxuba ufulawa, ukupakisha kanye nezinye izinqubo, kodwa inqubo yokugaya izobangela umonakalo esakhiweni sezinhlayiya zesitashi [18].
Usayizi wezinhlamvu zikafulawa kakolweni ungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta ikhwalithi kafulawa omusha omanzi, futhi ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zikafulawa buncike ekucutshungulweni kwawo ngokunemba.
UQi Jing nabanye [19] bafunde futhi bahlola ukuthungwa, izakhiwo zezinzwa, zomzimba kanye nezamakhemikhali zofulawa omusha omanzi owenziwe ngofulawa onobukhulu obuhlukene bezinhlayiya. Imiphumela yocwaningo yezici zawo zokuthungwa ikhombisa ukuthi ubulukhuni, ukunwebeka, ukuhlangana, ukuhlafuna kanye nokuqina kofulawa omusha omanzi kuye kwanda kakhulu ngokwanda kobubanzi bezinhlayiya zikafulawa, ikakhulukazi izici zokuthungwa kofulawa omusha omanzi owenziwe ngofulawa ophakathi kwama-meshes angu-160 ~ 180 zifinyelela okungcono kakhulu.
Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zikafulawa kakolweni bunethonya elikhulu ezicini zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amasha amanzi, okuphinde kwathinta kakhulu ukuhlafunwa kwama-noodle amasha amanzi.
（2） Umphumela wofulawa owomile ophathwe ngokushisa ekuhlafuneni ufulawa omusha nomanzi
Ukwelashwa okufanele ngokushisa okomile kofulawa akugcini nje ngokunciphisa umswakama kufulawa, kubulale amagciwane namaqanda kufulawa, kodwa futhi kuvimbele ama-enzyme kufulawa [20]. Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta izici zokucubungula ufulawa ama-protein e-gluten nama-molecule esitashi kufulawa. Ukwelashwa ngokushisa okomile kuzothuthukisa i-gluten, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela omkhulu ezicini zokucubungula ufulawa [21].
UWang Zhizhong [22] wafunda futhi wahlola ama-noodle amasha namanzi enziwe ngofulawa owomile nophethwe ngokushisa. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ufulawa owomile nophethwe ngokushisa ungathuthukisa ubulukhuni nokuhlafunwa kwama-noodle amasha namanzi, futhi unciphise kancane ukunwebeka nokuqina kwama-noodle amasha namanzi. Ubulukhuni bawo nokuhlafunwa kwawo kufinyelele esiphezulu ku-120 ℃, futhi isikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa esingcono kakhulu sobulukhuni kwakungu-60 imizuzu, Isikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa esingcono kakhulu sokuhlafunwa singamaminithi angu-30. Lokhu kubonise ukuthi ukuhlafunwa kofulawa omusha nomanzi kuthuthukiswe ufulawa wokwelashwa kokushisa owomile ngezinga elithile.
4. Umphumela we-Yogurt ekuhlafuneni kwama-Noodles Amasha Amanzi
I-yogurt uhlobo lomkhiqizo we-curd okhiqizwa ngokubilisa kanye nokutshalwa kwamagciwane athile e-lactic acid. Inephunga elimnandi, inenani eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo, ukugaya kalula kanye nokumuncwa, futhi ingathuthukisa izitshalo zamathumbu futhi ilawule ukusebenza kwesisu [23].
I-yogurt ayigcini nje ngokugcina zonke izakhamzimba zemvelo zobisi olusha, kodwa futhi ingakhiqiza amavithamini ahlukahlukene adingekayo ekudleni komuntu ngesikhathi sokubilisa, njenge-vitamin B1, i-vitamin B2 kanye ne-vitamin B6. Ngenxa yokubilisa kwamagciwane e-lactic acid, ngenkathi ithuthukisa izakhamzimba, iphinde ikhiqize ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo zomzimba, ezingalawula kakhulu imisebenzi yomzimba [24].
ULi Zhen nabanye [25] bafunda ngobuhlakani ukusetshenziswa kwe-yoghurt kuma-noodle amanzi amasha, futhi benza ukuhlaziywa kokuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha afakwe ne-yoghurt. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ngokwanda kwenani le-yoghurt engeziwe, ubulukhuni nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kwanda kancane kancane, kuyilapho ukuthamba, ukuqina kanye nokuqina kwehla kancane kancane. Ubulukhuni nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle kuhlobene kahle nokunambitheka kwama-noodle. Ama-noodle anamandla amakhulu okucheba aqinile futhi anokunwebeka kakhulu [26].
Bahlaziye ukuthi ushintsho lungabangelwa yizizathu ezimbili ezilandelayo:
Okokuqala, ngokwanda kwesilinganiso se-yogurt, inani lamanzi afakwa kuma-noodle amasha amanzi liyancipha kancane kancane, futhi okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphansi kuzokwenza inhlama ibe nzima, ngakho-ke ubunzima bama-noodle amasha amanzi buyanda;
Okwesibili, ukujiya kwama-noodle amasha amanzi kubonisa ukushelela kobuso bama-noodle amasha amanzi. Uma ukujiya kukhulu, kulapho izinhlayiya eziningi zesitashi ezinamathele khona ebusweni bama-noodle amasha amanzi, futhi kulapho kuvuza khona izinto eziningi esobho ngesikhathi sokupheka.
Ukuqina kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kwehle kakhulu ngemva kokufaka i-yogurt, okubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-yogurt kungandisa ukushelela kobuso bama-noodle amanzi amasha futhi kunciphise izinto ezivuzayo esobho ngesikhathi sokupheka, okuhambisana nomphumela wokuthi i-yogurt inciphise izinga lokulahlekelwa ukupheka kwama-noodle amanzi amasha;
Iphrotheni ekuyogathi inezela iphrotheni ekufulawa, kanti amafutha aqukethwe kuyogathi athuthukisa ngempumelelo amandla ama-noodle amanzi amasha, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula kwama-noodle amanzi amasha futhi athuthukise ukunambitheka kwama-noodle amanzi amasha [25]. Ngakho-ke, i-yogathi ithuthukise ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha ngezinga elithile, okwenza abantu banambitheke kangcono ama-noodle amanzi amasha.
Njengoba ama-noodle amasha amanzi ethandwa kakhulu ngabathengi, abantu banaka kakhulu ukunambitheka kwama-noodle amasha amanzi. Izifundo zakamuva zibonisa ukuthi kusenezinkinga ezithile ekhwalithini yama-noodle amasha amanzi, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha amanzi. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna, ukunambitheka kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo kwama-noodle amasha amanzi kusukela ezicini zobuchwepheshe bokucubungula kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwefomula kuseyisiqondiso socwaningo olwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-25-2022