Njengohlobo lwama-noodle, ama-noodle amasha namanzi anezici zombala omusha nothambile, ukunambitheka okushelelayo, ukunwebeka, ukunambitheka okuqinile, umsoco kanye nempilo, kanye nokudla okulungile nokuhlanzekile.Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-noodle omisiwe, ama-noodle amasha namanzi anezinzuzo zokusha, ukunambitheka okuhle, nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi [1].Baye bathandwa abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi izinhlobo zabo ziyanda.Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokunakekelwa kwe-flavour kanye nokunambitheka kwama-noodle ahlanzekile endabuko ahlanzekile ngokuvamile sifushane kakhulu.Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle ahlanzekile ngaphandle kokuthinta impilo yeshalofu kuseyinselele.
Umthelela Wokucutshungulwa Kobuchwepheshe Ekukhuleni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Asha
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula bendabuko bama-noodle amanzi amasha ngokuvamile buhlanganisa ukwelapha okuluhlaza nokwengeziwe, ukuxuba inhlama, ukulinganisa okuhlanganisiwe, izinga lokushisa eliqhubekayo kanye nomswakama wokuvuselela (ukuvuthwa), ukucubungula okuqhubekayo, ukusika, ukumisa umoya, ukuvala inzalo (okufana nokukhishwa kwe-ultraviolet), ukupakisha [ 2] nezinye izinqubo.
1, Umthelela Wendlela Yokuhlanganisa Ama-noodle Ekukhuleni Kwama-Noodle Asemusha Namanzi
Ukuxuba ama-noodle kuyiphuzu elibalulekile ekukhiqizeni ama-noodle amanzi amasha, futhi izici ezifana nendlela, isikhathi kanye nesivinini sokuxuba inhlama kunquma izinga lokuhlakazeka kwenhlama [3].Ikhwalithi yenqubo yokuxuba inhlama ithinta ngokuqondile ikhwalithi yenqubo elandelayo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina [2].Imishini eyinhloko umshini wokuxuba inhlama.
Ingxube kafulawa wevacuum iyisisetshenziswa esithuthuke kakhulu sokuxuba ufulawa eminyakeni yamuva nje.Ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi ye-vacuum igcinwa ku-mixer kafulawa, ukushisa kukafulawa kuyagwenywa.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi anosawoti afafazwa ngendlela yenkungu ngaphansi kwengcindezi embi, futhi amanzi anosawoti kanye nofulawa kuxutshwe ngokugcwele futhi ngokulinganayo.Amaprotheni kufulawa angamunca ngokuphelele amanzi ngesikhathi esifushane.Inani lamanzi elingeziwe lingafika ku-46% noma ngaphezulu, okwenza inethiwekhi ye-gluten engcono kakhulu, okwenza ama-noodle anwebeka kakhulu [2].
U-Li Man et al.[4] yenze ucwaningo oluthile ekuxubeni kwe-vacuum, ikakhulukazi icwaninga imiphumela ye-vacuum nendawo endaweni ebonakalayo namakhemikhali, i-microstructure kanye nesimo somswakama sama-noodle ahlanzekile.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ngokunyuka kwe-vacuum, izici zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha zathuthukiswa kakhulu (P>0.05), kodwa lapho i-vacuum ingu-0.08 MPa, izici zokuthungwa kwama-noodle ahlanzekile zazingezinhle.Ngenkathi i-vacuum ingu-0.06 MPa, ama-noodle amanzi amasha abonisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zokuthungwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuskena i-electron microscopy ibonise ukuthi i-vacuum ne-noodle yenze ukuba kube nesakhiwo esiqhubekayo nesihlangene sama-noodle ahlanzekile.Ngokusobala, ucwaningo lwabo lubonisa ukuthi ukuxutshwa kwe-vacuum kuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bama-noodle amanzi amasha ngokwezinga elithile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukunwebeka nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle ahlanzekile.
Umthelela Wamafomula Ahlukile Ekukhuleni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Asha
1, Umthelela Wezithako Zokudla Ekuhlafunekeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Ahlanzekile
Njengamanje, izithasiselo zokudla ziye zasetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla, ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.Kunezigaba ezingama-23 zezithasiselo zokudla e-China, futhi izinhlobo sezifinyelele ngaphezu kuka-2000, futhi ukusetshenziswa kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka [6].Izithasiselo ezibandakanyeka ekucutshungulweni kwama-noodle ikakhulukazi zifaka izithuthukisi ze-gluten namalungiselelo e-enzyme (njenge-α-Amylase), njll.
(1) Umthelela Wokugcizelela I-ejenti ku-Masticability yama-Noodle Amanzi Asanda
Amandla enhlama emanzi ehlanzekile athinta ngokuqondile ukuhlafuna kwayo ngezinga elithile.I-Gluten enhancer iwuhlobo lwezithako zokudla ezingaxhunyaniswa namaprotheni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokucubungula i-gluten nokugcinwa kwegesi.Ngakho-ke, isithuthukisi se-gluten sinenzuzo ukuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha amanzi.
1. Ufulawa we-gluten
I-wheat gluten, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-gluten esebenzayo, iwumkhiqizo oyimpuphu otholakala kukolo ngokomiswa, ukuchotshozwa nezinye izinqubo ngemva kokuba isitashi nezinye izinto ezincibilika emanzini zigezwe ngamanzi [7].Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-gluten powder yi-glutenin ne-gliadin, ezinokumuncwa okuqinile kwamanzi, i-viscoelasticity, ukwanda nezinye izici.Kuyinto enhle kakhulu yokuthuthukisa inhlama, esetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni isinkwa, ama-noodle neminye imikhiqizo kafulawa.
U-Niu Qiaojuan et al.[8] bathole ukuthi ukwengeza u-0.8% we-gluten kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo izici eziqinile neziqinile zama-noodle, futhi kunciphise ukulahleka kokupheka kwama-noodle.U-Wu Yang [9] uqhathanise imiphumela ye-gluten, usawoti kanye ne-xanthan gum kukhwalithi yokupheka kanye nekhwalithi yezinzwa yofulawa kakolweni omanzi omusha ngesisekelo sokunquma ingxenye ye-wheat bran negciwane likakolweni kufulawa kakolweni omusha omanzi.
Ucwaningo lokuhlola lukaWu Yang luthole ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-gluten eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-gluten kanye nofulawa kakolweni ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzinza kwendawo emanzi entsha.Uma inani le-gluten elingeziwe lingu-1.5% ~ 2.5%, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinzwa kwendawo emanzi entsha kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuhlafuna nokunwebeka.
Ngakho-ke, inani elifanele lempushana ye-gluten lingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yama-noodle amasha amanzi ngokwezinga elithile, ukuze ama-noodle ahlanzekile abonise ukuhlafuna okungcono.
2. I-cassava modified isitashi, i-sodium alginate
Isitashi se-cassava esishintshiwe singatholakala ngokuguqulwa, futhi singasetshenziswa njenge-thickener, stabilizer, i-ejenti yokugcina amanzi, i-ejenti yokwandisa, njll. embonini yokudla.
I-sodium alginate iyi-polysaccharide ye-anionic ekhishwe ku-kelp noma umsila wehhashi we-algae ensundu.I-molecule yayo yenziwe nge-β- D-mannuronic acid (β- Dmannuronic, M) kanye ne-α- L-Guluouronic acid (α- L-guluronic, G) ixhunywe ngokucindezela (1-4) okhiye [10].Isixazululo esinamanzi se-sodium alginate sine-viscosity ephezulu futhi manje sisetshenziswa njenge-thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, njll.
U-Mao Rujing [11] uthathe ufulawa omanzi omusha njengento yocwaningo, futhi wafunda imiphumela yezishintshi zekhwalithi ezintathu ezifana nesitashi esilungisiwe umdumbula, i-sodium alginate kanye ne-gluten ezicini zokuthungwa zikafulawa omusha omanzi.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi lapho okuqukethwe kwesitashi se-cassava esilungisiwe kungu-0.5%, i-sodium alginate yayingu-0.4% futhi i-gluten yayingu-4%, ama-noodle ahlanzekile amanzi ayenezici ezinhle zekhwalithi.Ukusebenza okuyinhloko kwaba ukuthi ukumuncwa kwamanzi kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kwehla, kuyilapho ubulukhuni, ukunwebeka kanye nokuhlafuna kwathuthukiswa.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi izithuthukisi ze-gluten eziyinhlanganisela (i-tapioca modified isitashi, i-sodium alginate ne-gluten) zithuthukise ukushezeka kwama-noodle amanzi ahlanzekile ngokwezinga elikhulu.
(II) α- Umthelela we-Amylase ku-Masticability yama-Noodle Amanzi Ahlanzekile
isekelwe ku-α- Izakhiwo ze-amylase, Shi Yanpei et al.[12] ufunde imiphumela yenani elihlukile le-α- Umphumela we-amylase kwikhwalithi yama-noodle amanzi amasha.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi: α- Ukwenyuka kwenani le-amylase elingeziwe, ikakhulukazi uma i-α- Lapho inani elingeziwe le-amylase lalingu-150 mg/L, ubulukhuni, ukuhlafuna kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha athuthukiswa kakhulu, nawo athuthukiswa kakhulu. kwafakazela ukuthi i-α- Amylase inenzuzo ukuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.
2、 Umthelela Wempushana Wama-Chestnut WaseShayina Ekuhlafunekeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Asha
I-Chestnut inemisebenzi eminingi yezempilo.Iqukethe i-unsaturated fatty acids ecebile, engalawula i-lipids yegazi.Kubantu abane-hypertension kanye nesifo senhliziyo, ukudla okuhle kwe-tonic [13].Njengengxenye engase ibe indawo kafulawa kakolweni, ufulawa ophelele we-chestnut waseShayina wakhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, anezici zenkomba ephansi ye-glycemic, i-gluten-free, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni amaningi [14].
Ukwengeza inani elifanele lempushana ye-chestnut kufomula yama-noodle amanzi amasha ngeke nje kunothise izinhlobonhlobo zama-noodle amanzi amasha, kodwa futhi kuthuthukise inani lokudla okunempilo kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.
U-Li Yong et al.[I-15] yenza izivivinyo zocwaningo mayelana nomthelela wempushana ye-chestnut kukhwalithi yama-noodle amasha amanzi.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ubulukhuni, ukuhlafuna kanye nokunamathela kwama-noodle amasha amanzi kwanda kuqala futhi kwancipha ngokunyuka kwenani eliphelele le-chestnut powder add, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuhlanganisa okuphelele kwe-chestnut powder kufinyelele ku-20%, izici zayo zokuthungwa zifinyelele okuhle kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLi Yong et al.[16] wenze ucwaningo ngokugaya isitashi se-in vitro sikafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi: okuqukethwe isitashi esiphelele kanye nokuqukethwe kwesitashi esigayekayo sikafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi kanye nokwengezwa kofulawa wonke we-chestnut kwehla kancane kancane ngokunyuka kokwengezwa kofulawa wonke we-chestnut.Ukwengezwa kofulawa wonke we-chestnut kunganciphisa kakhulu ukugaya isitashi kanye ne-sugar index (GI) kafulawa we-chestnut omusha nomanzi.Lapho ukufakwa kukafulawa we-chestnut wonke kudlula ama-20%, Kungashintsha ufulawa kakolweni omanzi kusuka ekudleni okuphezulu kwe-EGI (EGI> 75) kuya ekudleni kwe-EGI ephakathi (55).
Ngokuvamile, inani elifanele lempushana ye-chestnut ingathuthukisa ukuhlafunwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha futhi inciphise ukugaya isitashi kanye nenkomba kashukela yama-noodle amasha amanzi.
3, Umthelela Kafulawa Ekuhlafunekeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Asha
(1) Umthelela kasayizi wezinhlayiyana zikafulawa ekuhlafunekeni kukafulawa omusha omanzi
Ufulawa kakolweni yiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ufulawa omusha omanzi.Ufulawa kakolweni onekhwalithi ehlukene kanye nobukhulu bezinhlayiyana (okwaziwa nangokuthi ufulawa) ungatholakala ngokuhlanza, ukuchelela, ukumanzisa (ukuthola ukolweni ogayiwe), ukugaya nokuhlunga (ukucwecwa, umgogodla, amasistimu we-slag nomsila), ukuhlanganisa ufulawa, ukupakisha kanye ezinye izinqubo, kodwa inqubo yokugaya izodala umonakalo esakhiweni sezinhlayiyana zesitashi [18].
Usayizi wokusanhlamvu kafulawa kakolweni ungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezithinta izinga likafulawa omusha omanzi, futhi usayizi wokusanhlamvu kafulawa uncike ekucubunguleni kwayo ukunemba.
Qi Jing et al.[19] wafunda futhi wahlola ukuthungwa, izinzwa, izakhiwo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali kafulawa omusha omanzi owenziwe ngofulawa onezinhlayiyana ezinosayizi abahlukene.Imiphumela yocwaningo yezici zayo zokuthungwa ikhombisa ukuthi ubulukhuni, ukunwebeka, ukubumbana, ukuhlafuna kanye nokuqina kukafulawa omusha omanzi kuye kwandiswa kakhulu ngokwanda kobubanzi bezinhlayiyana zikafulawa, ikakhulukazi izici zokuthungwa zikafulawa omusha omanzi owenziwe ngofulawa ophakathi kuka-160 ~ Ama-meshes angu-180 afinyelela okungcono kakhulu.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi usayizi wokusanhlamvu kafulawa kakolweni ube nomthelela omkhulu ezicini zokuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha, okuphinde kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlafunekeni kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.
(2) Umthelela kafulawa ophethwe ukushisa okomile ekuhlafunekeni kukafulawa omusha nomanzi
Ukwelashwa okufanelekile kokushisa kofulawa akukwazi nje ukunciphisa umswakama kufulawa, ukubulala amagciwane namaqanda kufulawa, kodwa futhi kungasebenzi ama-enzyme kufulawa [20].Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta izici zokucubungula ufulawa amaprotheni e-gluten nama-molecule e-starch kufulawa.Ukwelashwa kokushisa okomile kuzokwenza i-polymerize i-gluten, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezicini zokucubungula ufulawa [21].
U-Wang Zhizhong [22] wacwaninga futhi wahlola ama-noodle amasha namanzi enziwe ngofulawa owomile nolashwe ngokushisa.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ufulawa owomile nolashwa ngokushisa angakwazi ngempela ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni nokuhlafunwa kwama-noodle amasha namanzi, futhi wehlise kancane ukunwebeka nokuqina kwama-noodle amasha namanzi.Ukuqina kwayo kanye nokuhlafuna kwafinyelela ku-120 ℃, futhi isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokwelashwa kokushisa kokuqina sasiyimizuzu engama-60, Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokwelashwa kokushisa kokuxubha imizuzu engama-30.Lokhu kwafakazela ukuthi ukuhlafuna kukafulawa omusha nomanzi kwathuthukiswa ufulawa wokwelapha ukushisa okomile ngokwezinga elithile.
4, Umthelela Weyogathi Ekuhlafunekeni Kwama-Noodle Amanzi Asanda
I-yogurt iwuhlobo lomkhiqizo we-curd okhiqizwa ukuvutshelwa nokutshalwa kwamagciwane athile e-lactic acid.Inokunambitheka okuhle, inani eliphezulu lokudla okunomsoco, ukugayeka kokudla kalula kanye nokumuncwa, futhi ingathuthukisa izitshalo zamathumbu futhi ilawule ukusebenza kwamathumbu [23].
I-yogurt ayigcini nje kuphela zonke izakhi zemvelo zobisi olusha, kodwa futhi ingakhiqiza amavithamini ahlukahlukene adingekayo ekudleni komuntu ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa, njenge-vitamin B1, i-vitamin B2 ne-vitamin B6.Ngenxa yokuvutshelwa kwamabhaktheriya e-lactic acid, kuyilapho ithuthukisa izakhi, iphinde ikhiqize ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ze-physiological, ezingalawula ngokuphawulekayo imisebenzi yomzimba [24].
U-Li Zhen et al.[25] wafunda ngendlela entsha ukusetshenziswa kweyogathi kuma-noodle amanzi amasha, futhi wenza ukuhlaziya ukuthungwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha angezwe neyogathi.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ngokwanda kwenani leyogathi elingeziwe, ubulukhuni kanye nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle amasha amanzi kancane kancane kwanda, kuyilapho i-viscosity, ukuqina nokuqina kwehla kancane kancane.Ukuqina nokuhlafuna kwama-noodle kuhlobene kahle nokunambitheka kwama-noodle.Ama-noodle anamandla amakhulu okugunda anamandla futhi anwebeka kakhulu [26].
Bahlaziye ukuthi ushintsho lungabangelwa yizizathu ezimbili ezilandelayo:
Okokuqala, ngokwanda kwesilinganiso se-yogurt, inani lamanzi elingeziwe kuma-noodle ahlanzekile ahlanzekile liyancipha kancane kancane, futhi okuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi kuzobangela inhlama ibe nzima, ngakho-ke ukuqina kwama-noodle amanzi amasha kuyanda;
Okwesibili, i-viscosity yama-noodle amasha amanzi ibonisa ukushelela kwendawo yama-noodle ahlanzekile.Lapho i-viscosity iba nkulu, izinhlayiya zesitashi eziningi ezinamathele ebusweni bama-noodle amanzi amasha, futhi izinto eziningi ezivuza esobho ngesikhathi sokupheka.
I-viscosity yama-noodle amasha amanzi yehla kakhulu ngemva kokwengeza iyogathi, okubonisa ukuthi ukwengeza iyogathi kungakhuphula ubushelelezi obungaphezulu bama-noodle amanzi futhi kunciphise izinto ezivuza esobho ngesikhathi sokupheka, okwakuhambisana nomphumela wokuthi iyogathi yehlise ukulahleka kokupheka. izinga lama-noodle amanzi amasha;
Amaprotheni akuyogathi agcwalisa amaprotheni kufulawa, futhi amafutha aqukethwe iyogathi athuthukisa ngempumelelo amandla ama-noodle amanzi amasha, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukusebenza komshini wama-noodle amanzi futhi athuthukise ukunambitheka kwama-noodle amanzi amasha [25].Ngakho-ke, iyogathi ithuthukise ukuhlafuna kwama-noodle amanzi ngezinga elithile, inikeze abantu ukunambitheka okungcono kwama-noodle ahlanzekile.
Njengoba ama-noodle amanzi amasha ethandwa kakhulu ngabathengi, abantu baphinde banake kakhulu ukunambitheka kwama-noodle ahlanzekile.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi kusekhona ukushiyeka kwikhwalithi yama-noodle amanzi amasha, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kokuhlafunwa kwama-noodle amanzi amasha.Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuhlafuna, ukunambitha kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco lama-noodle amanzi amasha kusukela ezicini zokucubungula ubuchwepheshe nokuthuthukiswa kwefomula kusewumhlahlandlela wocwaningo olwengeziwe esikhathini esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-25-2022